The Supreme Court has passed an order giving reasons as to why it can refer questions of law to a larger bench in a review petition.
The 9 judge bench headed by CJI SA Bobde had on February 10 dismissed the objections regarding the maintainability of review petitions in Sabarimala case stating that it would give reasons for the conclusion later.
Now, in the judgment released on Monday in the case titled Kantararu Rajeevaru vs Indian Young Lawyers Association, the Court has given its reasons for no bar on referring questions of law to a larger bench on a review.
Limitations In Order XLVII of the Supreme Court Rules Not Applicable To Orders/Judgments In Writ Petitions
One of the contentions raised was that the review petitions are not maintainable under the limitations in Order XLVII of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013 and these were liable to be dismissed.
The Court noting that the Article 137 of the Constitution of India empowered the Supreme Court to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it subject to the provisions of any law made by the Parliament or any rules made under Article 145 observed:
Civil proceedings and criminal proceedings dealt with in Part II of the Rules are different from Writ Petitions covered by Part III of the Supreme Court Rules. The exceptions carved out in Order XLVII, Rule 1 of the Supreme Court Rules pertain only to civil and criminal proceedings. Writ Petitions filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India do not fall within the purview of civil and criminal proceedings. Therefore, the limitations in Order XLVII, Rule 1 do not apply to review petitions filed against judgments or orders passed in Writ Petitions filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.
Interpreting the Rule, the court stated that there was no limitation for the exercise of power by this Court in review petitions of judgments and orders in proceedings other than civil or criminal proceedings. It said:
Construction of Order XLVII, Rule 1 of the Supreme Court Rules should be made by giving due weight to the punctuation mark ‘comma’ after the words “the Court may review its judgment or order”. The intention of the rule making authority is clear that the above mentioned part is disjunctive from the rest of the rule. Moreover, the words “but no application for review will be entertained in a civil proceeding except on ground mentioned in Order XLVII, Rule 1 of the Code and in a criminal proceeding except on the ground of an error apparent on the face of record” are exceptions to the opening words of Order XLVII Rule 1, namely, “the Court may review its judgment or order”. Therefore, there is no limitation for the exercise of power by this Court in review petitions filed against judgments and orders in proceedings other than civil proceeding or criminal proceedings. ‘
Reference Can Be Made In A Pending Review Petition
Another contention was that a reference could only be made after the grant of review and not in a pending review petition. Disagreeing to the above, the bench observed:
Reference to a larger bench can be made in any cause or appeal as well as in any ‘other proceeding’. The term ‘proceeding’ is a very comprehensive term and generally speaking, means a prescribed course of action for enforcing a legal right. It is a term giving the widest freedom to a Court of law so that it may do justice to the parties in the case . There cannot be any doubt that the pending review petition falls within the purview of the expression “other proceeding”. The reference has been made in the course of pending review petitions.
No Matter Is Beyond Jurisdiction Of Superior Court Of Record
The Court also added that no matter was beyond the jurisdiction of a superior Court of record unless it is expressly shown under the provisions of the Constitution. In the absence of any express provision in the Constitution, the court held that it has power to determine its jurisdiction, it and observed:
In addition, there is no fetter on the exercise of discretion of this Court in referring questions of law to a larger bench in review petitions. Being a superior Court of record, it is for this Court to consider whether any matter falls within its jurisdiction or not. Unlike a Court of limited jurisdiction, the superior Court of record is entitled to determine for itself questions about its own jurisdiction.
Article 142 Justifies The Reference
Referring to Article 142 of the Constitution of India which enables the court to make any order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, it stated,
“The expression ’cause’ or ‘matter’ would include any proceeding pending in Court and it would cover almost every kind of proceeding pending in this Court including civil or criminal proceedings10 . As such, the expression ’cause or matter’ surely covers review petitions without any doubt. Therefore, it is well within the province of this Court to refer questions of law in pending review petitions. “
Commenting on the submission that the Court should not give speculative opinions or answer hypothetical questions the court said;
“The reference of questions of law pertaining to the scope of Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India are of utmost importance requiring an authoritative pronouncement by a larger bench, especially in light of the view of the reference Bench that there is a conflict between the Court’s judgments in Shirur Mutt (supra) and Durgah Committee (supra). “
Not necessary to refer to facts to decide pure questions of law
Rejected the contention that the pure questions of law could not be referred to a larger bench, it said:
” We do not agree. It is not necessary to refer to facts to decide pure questions of law, especially those pertaining to the interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution. In fact, reference of pure questions of law have been answered by this Court earlier. One such instance was when this Court was convinced that a larger bench has to discern the true scope and interpretation of Article 30 (1) of the Constitution of India. “
Article 145(3) Proviso Not Applicable
It was contended that a reference to a larger bench under provisio to Article 145(3) could be made only in Appeals and not in any other proceedings. The bench noted that the proviso dealt with a situation when reference had to be made by a bench of less than five Judges and hence was not applicable in the case at hand.
Background
On November 14, a 5-judge bench headed by the then CJI Ranjan Gogoi observed by 3:2 majority that certain issues in the Sabarimala review were common to the pending cases concerning women entry in Mosques, validity of the practice of Female Genital Mutilation among Dawoodi Bohra community and the right of Parsi women who had married outside community to enter Fire Temples and hence the review petitions in Sabarimala matter should be kept pending until a larger bench determined questions related to essential religious practices.
Hence on January 7 the SC notified the constitution of 9-judge bench comprising CJI SA Bobde, Justices R Banumathi, Ashok Bhushan, L Nageshwara Rao, Mohan M Shantanagoudar, S Abdul Nazeer, R Subhash Reddy, B R Gavai and Surya Kant to consider the issue.
Some preliminary objections raised included that the 5-judge bench could not have made the reference while exercising review jurisdiction as the bench had not found any error apparent on the record of the original judgment rendered on September 28, 2018.
On February 6, the 9-judge bench reserved order on the preliminary issue.
While the 9-bench judge resumed hearing of the case on February 17, the proceedings got suspended later.
The following issues were framed by the 9-judge bench for consideration:
1. What is the scope and ambit of right to freedom of religion under Article 25 of the Constitution of India?
2. What is the inter-play between the rights of persons under Article 25 of the Constitution of India and rights of religious denomination under Article 26 of the Constitution of India?
3. Whether the rights of a religious denomination under Article 26 of the Constitution of India are subject to other provisions of Part III of the Constitution of India apart from public order, morality and health?
4. What is the scope and extent of the word ‘morality’ under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India and whether it is meant to include Constitutional morality?
5. What is the scope and extent of judicial review with regard to a religious practice as referred to in Article 25 of the Constitution of India?
6. What is the meaning of expression “Sections of Hindus” occurring in Article 25 (2) (b) of the Constitution of India?
7. Whether a person not belonging to a religious denomination or religious group can question a practice of that religious denomination or religious group by filing a PIL?
Read Order here:
